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[Music]

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good afternoon

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my name is Kirikou newest I'm a

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geologist I'm a microbial paleontologist

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and my research focuses on achieving

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what I hope to be a more comprehensible

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comprehension of the most ancient traces

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of life on Earth their settings their

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environments and the applicability of

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these findings to the potential

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existence of a fossil biosphere on an

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awakened Mars it's my opinion that we

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already have an alien planet for study

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at our fingertips most ancient rocks on

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this earth represent vestiges of a

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planet shockingly different from that we

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know at present far from a state of

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relatively planetary clemency we have a

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world where the skies were a dense

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reducing haze the oceans were a mildly

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acidic saline solution the shorelines

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were fantastically fans the volcanoes

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and hydrothermal activity characterized

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everything where oxygen its associated

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metabolisms could not possibly exist now

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from a philosophical point of view I

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think this constitutes a good trial run

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of how we look for bio signatures not on

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a world of our own understanding so I'm

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interested in making comparisons between

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the Earth and Mars in their earliest

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history both of these planets appear to

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have supported limited habitable

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conditions perhaps over relatively short

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geological timescales both had liquid

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water vestiges of volcanic hydrothermal

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impact they will they were the victims

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of incessant impacts it's our opinion

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that the short habitable timescales

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present on the ancient Mars and the

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ancient earth mean that primitive chemo

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trophic metabolisms in a world

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punctuated habitability are the most

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relevant analogues to study in terms of

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a Martian biosphere that is why we find

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ourselves in the early Archaean so I'll

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try to go through these questions in

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some sort of order what is it required

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to draw a bio signature from the ancient

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geological record where do we draw

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boundaries between fugitive and

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definitive bio signatures

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once we've got those boundaries how do

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we test the hypotheses of biogenesis

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that we create and what are the

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implications there upon the search for

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life elsewhere chapter one claims and

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refutations

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of unexpected by Odin isset II or my

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oldest fossils are older than your

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fondest fossils and the complications

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thereof so that's how the acronym goes

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we have four places for studying the

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most ancient traces of life on Earth

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a sewer and new agate oak which I will

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not talk about and the Bob and the

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underbar Burton and the Pilbara which I

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most certainly will talk about the

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latter to present us with our our best

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preserved there admittedly still

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imperfect sedimentary sequences of the

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early archaea

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in our quest to biosignatures we seek

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out original convincing morphological

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traces of life such as these copper idol

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microorganisms from Kitty's captured we

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reinterpret previous assertions of

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biodiversity such as this

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reinterpretation of the apex Journal

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fossils we approach with new techniques

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previously unrecognized biological

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phenomena such as these microbial

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structures from the apex chart we search

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an ever more ancient rocks ever more

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bizarre taphonomic windows and ever

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further from home in Chapter two

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principles of deep time recall the

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Archaean earth produces a unique

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challenge for Austria lodgest s-- it's a

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very different world view to be had here

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the early ijen hypothesis that we can

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find on the present day environments

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which are perfectly good for the

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existence of life may not necessarily be

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true for or even applicable to a distant

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alien world this is because the

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principle of uniformitarianism that the

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past is the key to the present is pushed

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woefully beyond its limits in the

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Archaean punctuated habitability is not

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a thing we know on earth today though

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individual life may be patchy in its

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habitability life is pretty ubiquitous

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and this leads to the fact that there

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are uninhabited habitats on the ancient

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earth now that's something that we do

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not have on the modern day miss apply

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either of these tenets of habitability

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and you will find yourself in a world of

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mistaken conclusions and wayward

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assertions of Biogen isset ii

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exist on all spacial scales so in this

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microbe oriented planetary analog we

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will be considering phylogenetically

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primitive there's our thermophilic kima

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trophic organisms from such environments

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as in which they demonstrate endurance

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and recurrence over the geological

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timescale sadly all analog environments

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on the modern earth are somewhat

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compromised thus it is prudent for us

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also to consider those environments

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which depict chemo trophic ecosystem

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dominance that's the earlier Qian is it

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possible for us to make a comparison

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between post oxygenated world's

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ecosystems I don't know

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that question I won't answer chapter 3

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drawing the defining line of biogenesis

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criteria I study the record of

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carbonaceous matter in ancient sediments

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we know that much of this carbon comes

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from the proven biological reservoir but

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an equally great quantity can stem from

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terrestrial abiotic carbon factories the

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youthful Earth was also under constant

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bombardment from perhaps up to 1,000

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times present levels of meteoritic

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impact and 7% of these impactors

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carbonaceous chondrites and micro

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meteorites delivered buffed quantities

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of third sort of enigmatic carbon that I

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will comment no further on

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can I go forward yes I don't Ford too

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much that slide apparently didn't work

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okay so I will say that therefore in any

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aggregation of carbonaceous matter on

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the ancient earth you are potentially

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looking at a confusing a large of the

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three how to draw a bio signature out of

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this some one of the recent apps icon

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making and I do wish I remember who

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stated that bio signature acceptance is

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the summation of evidence and community

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consensus the evidence we can we can

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provide the community set consensus

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comes from biodiversity criteria we have

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criteria for micro fossil stromatolites

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microbial induced sedimentary structures

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microbial segments trace fossils an

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organic carbon itself I think if you

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look up those references you will find

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157 criteria that you can apply to your

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structures and yet still the overlap

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between biology and a biology is vast

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the next thing we have to prove that

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these structures of whatever origin us

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in genetic with their rocks on the

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short-term things are very altered on

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the medium-term things are tremendously

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altered and go back in time three and a

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half billion years ago and you find once

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again a world that is far removed from

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the present so let's suppose we have

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something that is putative ly biological

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we have something that is certainly as

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old as we would like it to be ah yes let

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me go that's another process of

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alteration we then need to open the

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greatest can of worms and that is

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biodiversity itself chapter four

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Sisyphean myths versus Herculean Labor's

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or how to reliably extricate a bio

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signature from its lithic prison bio

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signatures can be classified by a

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tripartite division morphological

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signatures are doubtless the most iconic

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but for every biological morphology and

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abiotic doppelganger is lying in wait as

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you will see I have been very dishonest

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on this slide there you go so that the

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bottom set the bottom section those are

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in fact wonderful silica spheres and

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morphological signatures of all scales I

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told you all scales have goodness that

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oh no there was a problem and Microsoft

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PowerPoint has decided to close it

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actually crashed my presentation has

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more pictures in it than the National

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Gallery I'm sorry here I was I I was

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here okay so how about these beautiful

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microbial mats from the huggin oak well

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they're on the right hand side what you

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find on the left hand side is basically

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equivalent structures but which have

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micron scale peculiarities which tell us

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that they are in fact abiotic so

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morphological signatures on their own

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not exactly ideal for our bipartite

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splitting of biology and a biology

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isotopic and metabolic signatures are

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becoming ever more useful we have to tie

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morphology to geochemistry and

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especially promising research direction

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seems to be sulfur isotopes although

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also biomineralization third chemical

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bio signatures integral or disseminated

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organic molecules and biomarkers sadly

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these are of no use to me because

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they're not nearly old enough they only

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go back to point seven billion years

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very young so we come to the approach

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that I think ensures us a robust

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biological signature correlative

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microscopy a single line of

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morphological or isotopic evidence is no

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longer sufficient you want morphology I

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know deer am I going to crash again no

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no no okay you want morphology you start

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off with petrographic of observations

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for example of these chemo trophic

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colonies suspended in hydrothermal

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silica you move your way to

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three-dimensional morphology such as

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these confocal laser scanning microscopy

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images of putative microbial structures

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you move closer you move to thai

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chemistry to your morphology somewhat

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perhaps you'd like to put your sample

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into a CT scanner and get something akin

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to that but that's only morphology

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perhaps you'd like to include include

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some EDS mapping you'd like to include

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some pixie analysis you'd like to

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include raman studies of the mineralogy

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you'd like to include nano sins of

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forits isotopic mapping this is

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difficult now as you can see we've got

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so much on the screen we can hardly see

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the wood for the trees

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what's important is choosing the

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appropriate combination of techniques

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for your bio signature of interest

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chapter 5 critics versus cynics don't be

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a cynic the burden of proof on ancient

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micro fossils and their associated

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structures is an i interminable load to

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give you the example of something I

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worked on the apex chert microbial

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structures here points in favor

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laminated textures which pass multiple

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morphological criteria for biodiversity

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a Raman spectra consistent with the

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syndrome isset II of the structures with

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their host rock nano Sims showing the

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co-occurrence of three bio essential

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elements points against proximity to a

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hydrothermal vane means that there's an

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increased chance of these structures

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stemming from a biogenic lis derived

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carbon also a point against I can't find

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any micro fossils here the architects of

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these edifices

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nowhere in sight chapter 6 the defeat of

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absurdity null hypotheses are

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biosignatures on trial an assertion of

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Archaean or alien biogenesis is

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worthless and that the simultaneous

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rejection of all conceivable null

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hypotheses this is the Geo philosophy

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part of the presentation it's important

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not to reduce your evidence to a

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reductive stacking of the odds all the

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best proofs of biodiversity are those

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which in the same breath are at once

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a demonstration of biology and an

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appropriate way biogenesis for existence

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for instance in the apex chert microbial

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structures I believe we have proven some

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characteristics of a concentration of

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organic molecules which means that the

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morphological abiotic null hypothesis of

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tube pumice cannot possibly be true

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chapter 7 I promised you we'd get off

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the planet at some point and we will

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worlds beyond our own so it's my opinion

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that the earlier Qian provides a

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planetary analogue with microbial scale

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similarities to the Noah Qian mass we

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have numerous complexities to

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disentangle and therefore we require a

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multi approach technique so many

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approaches that you crash PowerPoint

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multiple times this will doubtless be

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more difficult with a limited

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instrumentation that we will have on

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Mars the range of biomes possible for

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fossil life on Mars will be greatly

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reduced relative to those on earth

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coincidentally the remaining biomes on

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this diagram are also those which were

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dominant on the Archaean earth their

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biomes which are controlled by internal

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heats and which thus favor the

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accumulation of keema trophic biomass

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Martian rock record could also give us

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more than four billion years of

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unspoiled geological delights and this

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sequence could be uninterrupted it

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should be more pristine than on earth

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once we make it into depth and we can

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therefore start filling in the gaps of

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the horribly shattered terrestrial

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jigsaw understanding of the records of

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carbonaceous material is challenging I

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think we are currently required to base

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a lot of our

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the standing of the Martian geological

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record in earth centric observations but

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I'd like to see that reverse upon the

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return of Martian samples of course a

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sample return mission to that end is

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absolutely necessary we bring it back to

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earth we build a synchrotron around it

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and we study the hell out of it

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chapter 7 or dentes fortunate I do that

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the burden of proof associated with

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biosignature searches in the early

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Archaean is monumental but with care and

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diligence rewards can be reliable

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fortune favors the bold and in our

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quests through the solar system we

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should not and shall not go gently thank

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you for your attention

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ok first off let me say that is quite

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possibly one of the most riveting talks

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I've ever seen at a science conference

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um secondly so I study exoplanet

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biosignatures and I find the idea of

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like coming up with the idea by a

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signature plus evidence plus community

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consensus you can you're a signature so

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do you think you could that kind of be

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generalized to a sort of a general

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framework of how do we approach this

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because we're dealing with a lot of same

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problems in the exoplanet community as

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well as oxygen about a signature made

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maybe maybe not etc etc etc I think it

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certainly could yes I thought I thought

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I thought I think a combination of

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evidence and communica munity consensus

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is certainly what you require to be

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believed I guess the issue with

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exoplanets is that it's more difficult

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to accrue great amounts of evidence so

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community consensus on pivotal slices of

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that evidence

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so on the slide where you had the side

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of the slide that crashed PowerPoint

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with all the different methods of

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finding BIOS integration has any type of

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step wise procedure or I don't know

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almost like a dichotomous key of let's

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do this test and if you get a good

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result go to this test is anything like

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that under development broadly you start

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off with your least destructive method

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and you work your way to your most

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yes action actually with the exception

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of reversing Raman and pixie that is the

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order I would do it in it's always

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important to start off with the thin

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section microscopy because that is the

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scale of observation which is most most

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most meaningful to the resolution of the

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however it's no longer enough but for

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your studies in it involving Sims and

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pixie and one that I haven't put up that

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a TEM you'll you will find that

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destruction means that has to be at the

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end of your chain yes always start with

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do you think there's a fundamental

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problem comparing early Mars earlier

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since a Mars would have been much much

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colder back then because there you have

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the faint young Sun problem the paradox

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that people view as a problem for early

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Earth it seems to be exacerbated if you

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look at early Mars it's true

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although the faint young Sun is only a

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problem for phototrophic life the the

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sorts of biomes I study on the early

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Earth are those which take their energy

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from the interior of the planet so the

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faint young Sun could probably be a

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problem right of the surface but that

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depends upon the complexity you want for

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your ecosystem in terms of the

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comparison between keema trophic

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biomasses and kamatovic ecosystems

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I think localized conditions are much

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more important thank you thank you very